PostgreSQL 完全指南 / 18 - 容器化部署
第 18 章 · 容器化部署
容器化是现代部署的主流方式。本章覆盖 Docker、Docker Compose、Kubernetes StatefulSet 和 CloudNativePG。
18.1 Docker 基础部署
# 最简启动
docker run -d --name pg \
-e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=mypassword \
-p 5432:5432 \
postgres:17
# 生产级配置
docker run -d --name pg \
--restart=always \
-e POSTGRES_USER=app \
-e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=securepass \
-e POSTGRES_DB=appdb \
-e PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata \
-p 5432:5432 \
-v pgdata:/var/lib/postgresql/data \
--shm-size=256m \
postgres:17 \
-c shared_buffers=512MB \
-c effective_cache_size=1536MB \
-c max_connections=200 \
-c work_mem=16MB \
-c random_page_cost=1.1
18.2 Docker Compose 完整方案
version: "3.8"
services:
postgres:
image: postgres:17
container_name: pg-main
restart: always
environment:
POSTGRES_USER: appuser
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: ${PG_PASSWORD}
POSTGRES_DB: appdb
PGDATA: /var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
ports:
- "5432:5432"
volumes:
- pgdata:/var/lib/postgresql/data
- ./init:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
- ./backup:/backup
command:
- "postgres"
- "-c"
- "shared_buffers=1GB"
- "-c"
- "effective_cache_size=3GB"
- "-c"
- "max_connections=200"
- "-c"
- "wal_level=replica"
shm_size: 256m
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U appuser -d appdb"]
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5
networks:
- backend
pgadmin:
image: dpage/pgadmin4:latest
container_name: pg-admin
restart: always
environment:
PGADMIN_DEFAULT_EMAIL: admin@example.com
PGADMIN_DEFAULT_PASSWORD: admin
ports:
- "5050:80"
depends_on:
postgres:
condition: service_healthy
networks:
- backend
pgbouncer:
image: edoburu/pgbouncer:latest
container_name: pg-pool
restart: always
environment:
DATABASE_URL: "postgres://appuser:${PG_PASSWORD}@postgres:5432/appdb"
POOL_MODE: transaction
MAX_CLIENT_CONN: 1000
DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE: 50
ports:
- "6432:5432"
depends_on:
- postgres
networks:
- backend
volumes:
pgdata:
driver: local
networks:
backend:
driver: bridge
18.3 Kubernetes StatefulSet
# pg-statefulset.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: postgres
spec:
serviceName: postgres
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: postgres
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: postgres
spec:
containers:
- name: postgres
image: postgres:17
ports:
- containerPort: 5432
env:
- name: POSTGRES_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: pg-secret
key: password
- name: PGDATA
value: /var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
volumeMounts:
- name: pgdata
mountPath: /var/lib/postgresql/data
resources:
requests:
memory: "2Gi"
cpu: "1"
limits:
memory: "4Gi"
cpu: "2"
readinessProbe:
exec:
command: ["pg_isready", "-U", "postgres"]
initialDelaySeconds: 5
periodSeconds: 10
livenessProbe:
exec:
command: ["pg_isready", "-U", "postgres"]
initialDelaySeconds: 30
periodSeconds: 10
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: pgdata
spec:
accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
storageClassName: fast-ssd
resources:
requests:
storage: 100Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: postgres
spec:
type: ClusterIP
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: postgres
ports:
- port: 5432
targetPort: 5432
18.4 CloudNativePG(推荐的 K8s Operator)
# pg-cluster.yaml
apiVersion: postgresql.cnpg.io/v1
kind: Cluster
metadata:
name: pg-cluster
spec:
instances: 3
imageName: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:17
postgresql:
parameters:
shared_buffers: "1GB"
effective_cache_size: "3GB"
max_connections: "200"
pg_hba:
- host all all 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
bootstrap:
initdb:
database: appdb
owner: appuser
storage:
storageClass: fast-ssd
size: 100Gi
resources:
requests:
memory: "2Gi"
cpu: "1"
limits:
memory: "4Gi"
cpu: "2"
monitoring:
enablePodMonitor: true
backup:
barmanObjectStore:
destinationPath: "s3://pg-backups/cluster1"
s3Credentials:
accessKeyId:
name: s3-creds
key: ACCESS_KEY_ID
secretAccessKey:
name: s3-creds
key: ACCESS_SECRET_KEY
retentionPolicy: "30d"
18.5 容器化注意事项
| 项目 | 建议 |
|---|
| 数据持久化 | 必须使用 Volume,不要用容器内存储 |
| 共享内存 | --shm-size=256m 或更大的值 |
| 时区 | -e TZ=Asia/Shanghai |
| 字符编码 | POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS="--encoding=UTF8 --locale=zh_CN.UTF-8" |
| 资源限制 | 设置 memory/cpu limits |
| 健康检查 | pg_isready 配合 readiness/liveness probe |
| 备份 | 定期 pg_dump 或挂载 WAL 归档 |
| 日志 | -c logging_collector=on -c log_directory='log' |
业务场景
| 场景 | 推荐方案 |
|---|
| 开发/测试 | Docker Compose |
| 中小生产 | Docker + Volume + 定期备份 |
| K8s 生产 | CloudNativePG Operator |
| 本地开发 | docker-compose up 一键启动 |
扩展阅读